Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a relatively rare chronic autoimmune disease affecting skin and internal organs. It causes skin thickening and tightening, with a waxy appearance, and skin color may become pale or light. Facial expressions may become stiff, limiting mouth opening. Over time, skin and muscles can atrophy, and fingers may become stiff or bent due to fibrosis.

Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, where fingers turn white, purple, then red in response to cold or stress due to blood vessel constriction. Digital ulcers may develop and heal poorly.

In addition to skin, scleroderma can affect the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, leading to difficulty swallowing, excessive gas, acid reflux, and bloating.

Serious complications include pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, which can be life-threatening. Since fibrosis and sclerosis are often irreversible once established, early diagnosis and treatment are especially important.